Asthma Case Study: Wheezing and difficulty “getting enough air.”

Asthma Case Study: Wheezing and difficulty “getting enough air.” Scenario 3: 11-year-old boy complains of wheezing and difficulty “getting enough air.” Notices it more when he is playing baseball and symptoms improve when exercise activity stops…

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Asthma Case Study: Wheezing and difficulty “getting enough air.”

Paper details

Scenario 3: 11-year-old boy complains of wheezing and difficulty “getting enough air.” Notices it more when he is playing baseball and symptoms improve when exercise activity stops. He says that the symptoms are getting worse and the symptoms are even occurring at rest. Mother says the child is allergic to cat dander and his next-door neighbor in their apartment building recently began sheltering cats for the local humane society. Auscultation demonstrates wheezes on forced expiration throughout all lung fields.

Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)

In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following

• The cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.
• Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
• How these processes interact to affect the patient.
• The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, conclusion, and references.

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Solution

Asthma Case Study Analysis

Introduction

Cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary related conditions are among the leading causes of mortality among children. One of the chronic diseases in the category is asthma, which affects up to 3 million children (Keet, Matsui, McCormack, & Peng, 2017). Asthma is a chronic, treatable health condition that affects approximately one in 12 school-aged children. Symptoms of asthma include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, difficulty in breathing and shortness of breath, and symptoms may vary between children. Assessing the case of an 11-year old boy displaying asthmatic symptoms, the paper the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms, racial/ethnic variables that may affect physiological functioning of the child and how these processes interact to affect the patient.

Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Pathophysiologic Processes

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airways linked with widespread airflow obstruction that is often reversible. Airflow limitation occurs due to bronchoconstriction or airway hyperresponsiveness, which narrows down the airways in response to exposure to stimuli (Keet, Matsui, McCormack, & Peng, 2017). Airflow inflammation may also be because of airway edema, which occurs due to hyper-secretion of mucus, which further limits the airflow. The buildup inflation or mucus results in coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath, as observed in the child.

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The stimuli or triggers for asthma can be sensitizers, which initiate an immunologic response. This type of triggers include grain, dust, and wood dust and could include the cat dander cited by the boy’s mother. Low-molecular-weight agents such as dyes and metals are also sensitizing agents. Irritants such as gasses, fumes, and vapors are also triggers that induce a non-immunologic response (Mahdavinia et al., 2017). On the other hand, exposure to cold air or physical exertion such as exercise also triggers inflammation leading to the manifestation of asthma symptoms.

Racial/Ethnic Variables

The environment plays a critical role in determining the prevalence of asthma. Variables in the prevalence rates of asthma among racial/ethnic groups are associated with social economic and environmental factors such as poverty, city air quality, indoor allergens, and limited access health care as well as patient education (Poowuttikul, Saini, & Seth, 2019). As a result, Puerto Ricans have a high prevalence of asthma compared to any other ethnic group. On the other hand, African American children have the highest prevalence of the disease among children. These environmental factors, combined with socio-economic factors, increase the risk for severe cases of asthma among African Americans, Hispanics, and Native American populations (Poowuttikul, Saini, & Seth, 2019).

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The presence of triggers or stimuli in the environments, coupled with limited access to healthcare that could help in early identification, lead to higher risks for alterations in physiological functioning. This, in turn, leads to disparities in the occurrence of asthma along racial and ethnic lines. In this case, environmental factors such as indoor allergens, including the cat’s dander, are triggers leading to the manifestation of the symptoms.

However, the patient’s asthma has been progressing due to factors such as air quality due to limited circulation, and lack of early detection (King, James, Harkness, & Wark, 2018). Besides treating the patient, it is imperative to educate his mother on the disease and make recommendations that could reduce triggers for the patient. Patient and parent education will help in the management of the disease in the long-term

Conclusion

The management of asthma depends on developing an individualized plan and intervention for the patient, which identifies and avoid triggers and works in coordination with the parent. Asthma is highly prevalent among children of racial and ethnic minorities’ primarily African American and Hispanic children. Identifying the environmental triggers and socio-economic factors are critical aspects of treating and managing asthma.

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References

• Keet, C. A., Matsui, E. C., McCormack, M. C., & Peng, R. D. (2017). Urban residence, neighborhood poverty, race/ethnicity, and asthma morbidity among children on Medicaid. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 140(3), 822-827.
• Mahdavinia, M., Fox, S. R., Smith, B. M., James, C., Palmisano, E. L., Mohammed, A., … & Gupta, R. S. (2017). Racial differences in food allergy phenotype and health care utilization among US children. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 5(2), 352-357.
• Poowuttikul, P., Saini, S., & Seth, D. (2019). Inner-city asthma in children. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, 56(2), 248-268.
• King, G. G., James, A., Harkness, L., & Wark, P. A. (2018). Pathophysiology of severe asthma: we’ve only just started. Respirology, 23(3), 262-271.

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